Visual Analogue Scale For Anxiety Research Articles

Reducing Pain and Anxiety in the Blood Collection Unit: The Impact of the Child-Friendly Design.

Purpose: The study aimed to examine the effect of a child-friendly design on the pain and anxiety levels during blood draw in children aged 1-3 years and the satisfaction levels of their parents toward the environment in which they receive health care services. Methods: The nonrandomized study was conducted with 158 children aged 1-3 years and their parents. Data were obtained with the "Personal Information Form," "Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) Pain Scale," "Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Anxiety Scale," and "Parental Satisfaction Scale-VAS." Data were collected from the control group before the design and from the intervention group after the design. Results: During the blood draw, the VAS Anxiety score of the children in the intervention group was 3.17 ± 1.44 and that of the control group was 7.00 ± 2.51 (t = 246.500, p < .001). The FLACC score was 3.94 ± 1.65 in the intervention group and 7.32 ± 2.51 in the control group (t = 915.000, p < .001). The mean satisfaction scores of the parents in the intervention group for the environment where they received health care were 10.00 ± 0.00, and those of the parents in the control group were 4.85 ± 1.68 (test = -11.561, p < .001). Conclusion: The child-friendly design effectively reduced children's pain and anxiety levels during blood draws and increased parents' satisfaction with the environment in which health care was received. Practical Implications: Implementing a child-friendly design in blood collection units is recommended to alleviate the pain and anxiety associated with children's blood draws, thereby enhancing parental satisfaction with the care provided.

Randomized self-controlled study comparing open-face vs. closed immobilization masks in fractionated cranial radiotherapy

PurposeTo compare patient discomfort and immobilisation performance of open-face and closed immobilization masks in cranial radiotherapy. Material and methodsThis was a single-center randomized self-controlled clinical trial. At CT simulation, an open-face and closed mask was made for each patient and treatment plans with identical dose prescription were generated for each mask. Patients were randomised to start treatment with an open-face or closed mask. Masks were switched halfway through the treatment course; every patient was their own control. Patients self-reported discomfort, anxiety and pain using the visual analogue scale (VAS). Inter- and intrafraction set-up variability was measured with planar kV imaging and a surface guided radiotherapy (SGRT) system for the open-face masks. Results30 patients with primary or metastatic brain tumors were randomized − 29 completed radiotherapy to a median total dose of 54 Gy (range 30–60 Gy). Mean discomfort VAS score was significantly lower with open-face masks (0.5, standard deviation 1.0) vs. closed masks (3.3, standard deviation 2.9), P < 0.0001. Anxiety and pain VAS scores were significantly lower with open-face masks (P < 0.0001). Closed masks caused more discomfort in infraorbital (P < 0.001) and maxillary (P = 0.02) areas. Two patients and 27 patients preferred closed or open-face masks, respectively. Interfraction longitudinal shifts and roll and yaw rotations were significantly smaller and lateral shifts were significantly larger with closed masks in combination with the laser system (P < 0.05) compared to open masks in combination with a SGRT system. Intrafraction variability did not differ between the masks. ConclusionsOpen-face masks are associated with decreased patient discomfort without compromising patient positioning and immobilisation accuracy.

Virtual Reality for the Management of Pain and Anxiety for IR Procedures: A Prospective, Randomized, Pilot Study on Digital Sedation

PurposeTo assess the analgesic and anxiolytic effects of virtual reality (VR) augmentation in patients undergoing peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) placement or fine-needle aspiration thyroid biopsy. Materials and MethodsThis is a prospective, single-center randomized controlled trial with 107 patients enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to receive standard of care (SOC) or SOC+VR during PICC or thyroid biopsy procedures. Pain and anxiety were individually measured using the visual analog scale (VAS) before and after the procedure. Vital signs including heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were also recorded. One-way analysis of variance test and Games–Howell post hoc analysis were used to assess effect size and statistical significance between SOC and SOC+VR measures. ResultsThe PICC cohort consisted of 59 patients (33 in SOC+VR and 26 in SOC), with a median age of 53.1 years (interquartile range [IQR], 38.3–62.7 years). The thyroid biopsy cohort consisted of 48 patients (26 in SOC+VR and 22 in SOC), with a median age of 60.1 years (IQR, 49.0–67.2 years). One-way analysis of individuals undergoing thyroid biopsies with adjunctive VR revealed an effect size of −1.74 points (SE ± 0.71; P = .02) on VAS pain scale when compared with SOC. Analysis of individuals undergoing PICC placements revealed an effect size of −1.60 points (SE ± 0.81; P = .05) on VAS anxiety when compared with SOC. ConclusionsVR as a nonpharmacologic adjunct reduced some procedure-related pain and anxiety without increasing the procedural duration.

Efficacy and Safety of Single-Dose Pregabalin in Preoperative Pediatric Sedation.

This study aimed to investigate the anxiolytic and sedative effects of a single oral dose of 5 mg/kg pregabalin in pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery. It also assessed potential adverse effects and its impact on bispectral index (BIS) responses. This prospective randomized clinical trial enrolled 60 pediatric patients undergoing minor elective surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either oral pregabalin (5 mg/kg) or a placebo one hour before induction of anesthesia. Anxiety levels were assessed using the Visual Analog Scale for Anxiety (VAS-A), and sedation levels were evaluated using the Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS). Pregabalin premedication significantly reduced preoperative anxiety, as indicated by lower VAS-A scores compared to the control group. Sedation levels, measured using the RSS, were significantly higher in the pregabalin group at various time points post-dose. During intubation, skin incision, and recovery, BIS responses were significantly lower in the pregabalin group. The use of single-dose pregabalin preoperatively in children recorded a significant decrease in anxiety and achieved a state of sedation without an increase in adverse effects.

Evaluating simulator sickness and acceptability of virtual reality prototype in pain management inhospitalized patients.

Aim: Acute and chronic noncancer pain is a common healthcare problem locally and globally, and remains under treated and poorly controlled. We created a virtual reality (VR)-based prototype with customization of content to our local population. Materials & methods: This was an open-label, single center, single-arm study to examine the safety, acceptability and tolerability of the use of VR as an adjunctive tool for pain relief in hospitalized patients. The participants rated their baseline and post-VR pain and anxiety scores. Results & conclusion: All 50 patients completed the VR sessions with good tolerability and safety. Preliminary exploration of pain reduction indicated a positive effect (for pain and anxiety visual analog scale scores; p<0.001). We believe VR is a potentially beneficial tool for use in pain management.

Postoperative esketamine improves ventilation after video-assisted thoracoscopic lung resection: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPain management after lung resection plays a crucial role in reducing postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs). This study aimed to examine the effect of postoperative esketamine infusion as an adjunct to opioid analgesia on ventilation and pulmonary complications in patients underwent lung resection. MethodsPatients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic lung resection were randomly assigned to either the esketamine group or the control group. The esketamine group received a 24-h infusion of 1.5 mcg/ml sufentanil combined with 0.75 mcg/ml esketamine after surgery, while the control group received 1.5 mcg/ml sufentanil alone. The primary outcome measure was low minute ventilation, and the secondary outcome measures were hypoxemia, PaO2/FiO2 levels, postoperative pulmonary complications, hospital stay duration, ambulation time, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, depression and anxiety levels, sleep quality, and analgesia satisfaction. Results80 patients were randomly divided into two groups: the esketamine group (n = 40) and the control group (n = 40). The esketamine group exhibited notably reduced incidence of low minute ventilation (P = 0.014), lower occurrence of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) compared to the control group (P = 0.039), and decreased incidence of hypoxemia (P = 0.003). Furthermore, the esketamine group showed improved outcomes with lower VAS scores on the second postoperative day and enhanced sleep quality (P < 0.001) after the surgery. ConclusionsPostoperative esketamine infusion with opioids improved ventilation and reduced PPCs after lung resection, warranting further clinical studies. Trial registrationThis study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (Trial ID: NCT05458453, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05458453).

Reducing Preoperative Caregiver Anxiety With Virtual Reality: A Pragmatic, Randomized Controlled Study.

Pediatric patients and their caregivers often experience perioperative anxiety. Interventions reduce caregiver anxiety improve cooperation and contribute to an improved patient experience. This study seeks to evaluate the efficacy of virtual reality (VR)-assisted mindfulness on perioperative caregiver anxiety. Participants were randomized into a standard of care (SOC) group, which included snacks but no technology-based distractions, or a VR group, which included snacks and a VR-guided meditation. Caregiver anxiety was measured before and after the intervention using the Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety (VAS-A). Secondary aims explored participants' baseline anxiety with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). VR group participants completed a satisfaction survey. Linear regression models of VAS-A and STAI were used to compare group differences. Satisfaction survey results were reported with descriptive statistics. 26 participants were included, with 12 randomized to the SOC group and 14 to the VR group. VAS-A scores in the VR group were lower than those in the SOC group (p = .002). The STAI found no change in participants' state of anxiety in the SOC group (p = .7108), compared to a significant reduction (p = .014) in the VR group when controlling for anxiety traits. 12 of 14 caregivers in the VR group expressed satisfaction or strong satisfaction. This study supports the implementation of VR mindfulness as a method to reduce caregiver anxiety. VR use in the pediatric healthcare setting is safe and inexpensive, and the intervention had a high degree of participant satisfaction.

OP23 Early Detection Tools For Emotional Distress In Adult Cancer Patients In Spain: A Health Technology Assessment Report

IntroductionPatient-reported outcome measures are being increasingly considered both in clinical practice and in the field of health technology assessment. Although emotional distress is currently recognized as the sixth vital sign in cancer care, its early detection and screening is not yet included in routine clinical practice in Spain. The main objective of this study was to assess the psychometric properties and diagnostic accuracy of validated tools for the early detection of distress among adults with cancer in the Spanish context, at the request of the Spanish National Health System (NHS) Cancer Strategy.MethodsA systematic review was carried out to analyze development and validation studies. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool (QUADAS-2) was used for the risk of bias assessment, and a multicriteria global assessment was used for the tests. Ethical and organizational aspects were also addressed.ResultsFifteen validation studies were included, corresponding to seven tests. The tools considered were the Distress Thermometer (DT), the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18), the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System-revised (ESAS-r), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Visual Analog Scale for Anxiety and Depression (VAS-AD), the Detection of Emotional Distress (DED) scale, and the Psychosocial and Spiritual Needs Evaluation (ENP-E) scale. Evidence of validity, reliability (internal consistency), and diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) were summarized. Three scales were rated as poor (VAS-AD, BSI-18, and ESAS-r), the ENP-E scale was rated as acceptable, and three scales were rated as moderate (DT, DED, and HADS).ConclusionsThe DT (single-item measure) stands out as an appropriate tool for early detection of emotional distress in the Spanish NHS. The use of this scale could be considered a first stage, to be combined later with a longer scale to improve screening specificity. The HADS scale could be utilized for this purpose. The use of these tools should be framed within a structured screening program that ensures further evaluation and subsequent psychological care when needed.

The Effects of Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Preoperative Anxiety and Blood Pressure in Patient with Aneurysm

This study, conducted on diagnosed aneurysm patients, in order to test the effects of progressive muscle relaxation on blood pressure and anxiety levels in the preoperative period, was carried out in a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test application. The data of this study were collected between January 2022-September 2022 at the neurosurgery clinic on 38 patients (twenty women and eighteen men) who’ve been diagnosed with cerebral aneurysm, awaiting a surgical operation, and have other criteria to be taken into the study. Pre- and post-exercise vital signs and anxiety levels of patients receiving progressive muscle relaxation exercises for twenty minutes in the preoperative period were measured with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Frequency analysis for descriptive statistics, and t-test analysis for blood pressure, pulse, respiration, BAI, and VAS scores in a single group were utilized. Progressive muscle relaxation exercises in the preoperative period for neurosurgery patients diagnosed with aneurysm have statistically significant effects in reducing the patients’ anxiety and blood pressure (p&lt;0.001). It is recommended that progressive muscle relaxation exercises be used in the clinic during the preoperative period. A clinically important finding is the positive effect of progressive muscle relaxation exercises on patients' vital signs and anxiety.

Inhalation of Origanum majorana L. essential oil while working reduces perceived stress and anxiety levels of nurses in a COVID-19 intensive care unit: a randomized controlled trial.

Nurses caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) experience higher psychosocial distress than other healthcare workers, and this can adversely affect the quality of patient care. There is evidence that inhalation of essential oil from marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) has calming effects, suggesting this intervention may help to reduce the stress and anxiety of nurses working in a COVID-19 intensive care unit (ICU). This study aimed to investigate the effect of inhalation of marjoram essential oil at work on the stress and anxiety levels of nurses in a COVID-19 ICU. Nurses (n = 57) working in a single COVID-19 ICU were randomly assigned to inhale 3% marjoram essential oil (marjoram group, n = 29) or almond oil (control group, n = 28) for 2 h while at work. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, state anxiety score, and score on a visual analog scale for anxiety (VAS-anxiety) and stress (VAS-stress) were measured before and after the intervention. The two groups had similar baseline variables. MAP did not have within-group or between-group differences. Heart rate increased significantly in the marjoram group after the intervention (p = 0.031), but it remained within the normal range and the increase was not clinically meaningful. There was no significant between-group difference in the state-anxiety or VAS-anxiety score after the intervention, but the marjoram group had a significantly lower state-anxiety (p = 0.001) and VAS-anxiety (p = 0.037) score at posttest vs. pretest. The VAS-stress score was significantly lower in the marjoram group at the posttest vs. the pretest (p = 0.026). Nurses caring for patients in a COVID-19 ICU experience significant stress, and strategies are needed to address this important issue. Inhalation of 3% marjoram essential oil while caring for patients in a COVID-19 ICU may be a simple and effective intervention that reduces perceived stress and anxiety in nurses.Clinical Trial Registration: https://cris.nih.go.kr/, KCT0007543.

Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique Intervention on Anxiety Level of Hypertensive Heart Disease Patients

Hypertension is one of the leading causes of various heart diseases. In patients with Hypertensive Heart Disease (HHD), anxiety symptoms can continue to increase, which can affect the treatment and healing process and can cause various complications. This study aims to determine the effect of Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) therapy on anxiety levels in HHD patients in the ICCU room of Kendari City Hospital. This type of research is a pre-experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The population in this study were all HHD patients treated in the ICCU room of Kendari City Hospital. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, with a total sample size of 22 respondents. This research instrument uses the Anxiety Visual Analog Scale (VAS-A) questionnaire sheet to measure anxiety levels. The analysis method uses a paired-sample t-test. The results showed that the level of anxiety before and after SEFT therapy decreased. This can be seen from the statistical test p-value = 0.000 &lt; α = 0.05, which shows a significant difference. It can be concluded that SEFT therapy influences reducing anxiety levels in HHD patients. It is expected for service institutions and other institutions to provide training for health workers to perform SEFT therapy to help reduce patient anxiety levels.

The combination of listening to background music and deep breathing as a stress reduction strategy during dental preclinical study.

According to our earlier study, background music can help foster dental preclinical manual dexterity training and learning and has the potential to increase student satisfaction and productivity. Deep diaphragmatic breathing helps produce a relaxed mental state and is considered a behavioral coping strategy to reduce anxiety. Experimental data on whether background music combined with deep belly breathing reduces the stress and anxiety of preclinical dental students during practice is lacking. Thus, we focused on evaluating the effects of the combined use of these two techniques on dental students during preclinical manual skills training. Thirty-one voluntary 3rd-year dental students' anxiety levels and their behavioral changes were monitored via anonymous, voluntary surveys including the Patient Health Questionnaire-4, General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), and Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety (VAS-A). Overall, stress measured by GHQ-12 decreased significantly in female students (p=0.025), but not in males. Both background music and deep belly breathing significantly reduced all students' fear and stress based on their VAS-A scores in practice. However, a clear difference from the nonuse of coping strategies could not be conclusively shown. The students regarded the course positively based on survey replies. The combined use of the two coping strategies delivered beneficial effects to the preclinical dental students: they reduced the amount of stress in the supervised preclinical students and considerably cut down the students' anxiety. Further investigation of this new dental training scenario may help professionals provide better student education and care management during the dental preclinical phase.

The use of virtual reality during extra-amniotic balloon insertion for pain and anxiety relief—a randomized controlled trial

Background: Induction of labor with extra-amniotic balloon (EAB) catheter is a procedure commonly associated with maternal discomfort, pain, and anxiety. Objective(s): We aimed to investigate the distractive effect of virtual reality (VR) technology on pain and anxiety- in pregnant patients who undergo Induction of labor with EAB.Study design: In this randomized controlled trial, pregnant patients intended for Induction of labor with EAB at term, for various obstetric indications, were recruited and randomized in a 1:1 ratio into two groups. Patients in the VR group were exposed to a VR technology clip (using SootheVR All-In-One VR care system for pain and anxiety) during the entire EAB insertion while patients in the control group received the institutional standard care for EAB insertion. Pain scores expressed by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and maternal hemodynamic parameters, were obtained before, during, and after EAB insertion. Anxiety was evaluated by the validated State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Scale (STAI-S) before and after the procedure. Maternal satisfaction from the VR technology was also recorded. The primary outcome was the change in VAS score before and during EAB insertion. Among the secondary outcomes was the change in Anxiety levels before and after EAB insertion. The study was powered to detect a 25% decrease in the primary outcome.Results: A total of 132 pregnant patients were recruited (66 in each group). There were no differences between groups in terms of age, BMI, gestational age at enrollment, indication for Induction of labor, and pre-procedural VAS score and anxiety levels. The change in VAS score (maximal VAS score during the procedure subtract the initial VAS score before the procedure, i.e the primary outcome) was significantly lower in the VR group compared to the control group (2.78±3.0 vs 4.09±2.99, p=0.01). In addition, the VR group benefited a higher rate of anxiety relief expressed by the difference between pre-procedure and post-procedure STAI score, (-6.46 ± 9.6 vs -2.01 ± 9.11, P=0.007). Patients in the VR group reported an overall very high (94%) satisfaction score.Conclusions: In this randomized controlled trial, we demonstrated that the use of VR technology in patients undergoing Induction of labor with EAB was associated with lower VAS scores during the procedure and significant anxiety reduction compared to patients who received standard care. There was also a very high satisfaction rate from the use of VR technology.

The efficacy of audiovisual distraction as an anxiety-minimizing technique during echocardiography in preschool children

Background Echocardiography procedures can cause fear and anxiety in children, especially at preschool age. Audiovisual distraction is a simple, harmless, and low-cost technique that does not interfere with the procedure.&#x0D; Objective To assess the effect of audiovisual distraction on the anxiety levels of children aged 2-5 years during echocardiography.&#x0D; Methods This quasi-experimental study included children aged 2-5 years who were admitted for echocardiography. Patients with hearing or visual impairment, Down syndrome, autism, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were excluded. We administered anxiety-reducing intervention in the form of cartoon audiovisual media shown on a ceiling-mounted television during the echocardiography procedure. Anxiety levels were assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale - Anxiety (VAS-A) before and after the intervention was given. We compared the subjects’ pre- and post-procedure VAS-A scores and heart rates.&#x0D; Results Of the 43 subjects who underwent echocardiography during the study period, the mean age was 3.2 (SD 0.9) years, with an equal sex distribution. Most subjects had a history of repeated echocardiography procedures and hospitalizations. Thirty-nine (90.6%) of subjects demonstrated anxiety during the echocardiography procedure. There was a significant mean difference of 11.9 (SD 13.2) bpm (95%CI 7.8 to 15.9 bpm, p&lt;0.001) in heart rate pre- vs. post-intervention.  Median pre- and post-intervention VAS-A scores were 5 (range 0-10) and 1 (range 0-4), respectively (P=0.001). Post-intervention, almost all (97.7%) subjects had no or mild anxiety.&#x0D; Conclusion Audiovisual content presented on television serves as an effective distraction method to reduce children's anxiety during echocardiography.

Effect of pre-operative patient anxiety on post-spinal shivering during elective cesarean delivery: a prospective observational study

BackgroundShivering after spinal anesthesia is common during cesarean delivery (CD), and is thought to be primarily a thermoregulatory response. By inducing autonomic changes, pre-operative anxiety could alter the functioning of the thermoregulatory center, hence modifying the incidence and severity of obstetric post-spinal shivering. This prospective observational study was conducted to explore the relationship between pre-operative anxiety and obstetric post-spinal shivering. MethodsPatients ≥18 years of age and scheduled for elective CD under spinal anesthesia were enrolled. Pre-operative anxiety was measured on the day of surgery using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS), and was correlated with the incidence of post-spinal shivering. Other possible risk factors for post-spinal shivering were explored using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. ResultsAmong the 150 participants, 46 (31%) experienced post-spinal shivering. The relative risk of intra-operative shivering in those with high APAIS pre-operative anxiety was 2.76 (95% CI 1.55 to 4.90; P = 0.0005). Younger patient age (aOR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.98; P = 0.02), higher APAIS anxiety score (aOR 1.21, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.37; P = 0.005), higher VAS anxiety score (aOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.78; P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for post-spinal shivering. ConclusionsHigh pre-operative anxiety and younger patient age were independent risk factors for post-spinal shivering during elective CD. Targeted interventions to reduce pre-operative patient anxiety might have a positive impact in decreasing the incidence of intra-operative post-spinal shivering in this patient population.

An examination of worry and self-distancing as coping strategies for anxiety-provoking experiences in individuals high in worry

ABSTRACT Objectives This preliminary online study investigated the short-term effects of self-distancing, worry, and distraction on anxiety and worry-related appraisals among individuals high in worry. Design and Methods N = 104 community members high in trait worry were randomly assigned to think about a personally identified worry-provoking situation using self-distancing (SC), worry (WC), or distraction (DC). Participants rated their anxiety (Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety) and appraisals of the situation (Perceived Probability, Coping, and Cost Questions) at post-task and one-day follow-up. Results Mixed factorial ANOVAs revealed an increase in anxiety within the WC (d = .475) and no difference in anxiety within the SC (d = .010) from pre- to post-task. There was no difference in anxiety within the DC (p = .177). Participants within the SC reported a decrease in the perceived cost associated with their identified situation from pre- to post-task (d = .424), which was maintained at one-day follow-up (d = .034). Participants reported an increase in perceived ability to cope from post-task to one-day follow-up (d = .236), and from pre-task to one-day follow-up (d = .338), regardless of condition. Conclusions Self-distancing may prevent increases in anxiety and catastrophizing while reflecting on a feared situation.

Trigeminal Ganglion Electrical Stimulation for Trigeminal Nerve Postherpetic Neuralgia: A Retrospective Study.

To investigate the clinical outcome of trigeminal ganglion electrical stimulation for the treatment of trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia (TPHN). A retrospective analysis of clinical data was performed on six patients who suffered from severe postherpetic neuralgia involving the trigeminal nerve maxillary and mandibular branch. They were admitted under the Pain Management Department of the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from July 2022 to February 2023 and underwent trigeminal ganglion electrical stimulation therapy. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, pregabalin dosage, pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), and self-rating depression scale (SDS) were recorded before treatment, as well as after treatment at 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24-week. Adverse reactions related to the treatment were also documented. After trigeminal ganglion electrical stimulation therapy, the VAS scores, PSQI scores, anxiety scores, depression scores, and pregabalin dosage of six patients showed significant reductions at 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks. (P < 0.05). No serious adverse reactions occurred in any of the patients. Trigeminal ganglion electrical stimulation effectively relieved postherpetic neuralgia in the distribution areas of the trigeminal nerve 2 and 3 branches, reduced the dosage of analgesics, improved the quality of sleep, and alleviated anxiety and depression symptoms in patients. Our data suggested that It was a safe and effective clinical.

Mikrodiskektomi ile Opere Edilen Lomber Disk Hernili Hastalarda Anksiyete ve Depresyon Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Aim: Studies examining the effect of microdiscectomy and surgical treatment on the psychiatric complaints of patients with lumbar disc herniation are new and few. Although the international literature reports that depression and anxiety decrease in the long term after microdiscectomy, we observed that these complaints were resolved much earlier in our clinical practice. We aimed to determine depression, anxiety, and pain levels in the preoperative period and in the first month postoperatively with validated scales for the documentation of these observations. Method: After eliminating patients with comorbid pathologies that may affect pain and psychiatric factors, pain levels in 31 patients with lumbar disc herniation were evaluated with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and depression and anxiety levels were evaluated with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale. Statistical comparisons were made with the Student-T test in NCSS (2020, Utah, USA). Results: It was observed that the low back and leg pain scores improved significantly after microdiscectomy, and the preoperative anxiety and depression scores were widely distributed, but both were significantly reduced in the postoperative period. Conclusion: The decrease in depression and anxiety levels after microdiscectomy earlier than international observations can be explained by the higher surgical anxiety in the Turkish population and the higher correlation between mood and pain levels. Since pain and psychiatric complaints have the feature of increasing each other, more successful management of these factors by clinicians will contribute to more effective treatments.

Effets de l'hypnose par réalité virtuelle sur la tolérance de la bronchoscopie flexible

Patients often perceive flexible bronchoscopy as an unpleasant procedure. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of virtual reality (VR) hypnosis on tolerance to flexible bronchoscopy. We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled, monocentric study comparing flexible bronchoscopy with VR-induced hypnosis to the usual procedure. Patient tolerance was evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS), the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) before and after the procedure and, finally, willingness to repeat the examination under the same conditions (WTR). Among the 70 patients included, 34 were randomized to the VR hypnosis group and 36 to the control group. There was no difference between the 2 groups in terms of modification of the pre-/post-bronchoscopy VAS for anxiety, pain, cough, choking, nausea and overall discomfort, or modification of the STAI score and WTR. Subgroup analysis among patients who were more anxious before the procedure revealed a trend toward reduced anxiety in the VR hypnosis group. This study did not observe any effect of VR hypnosis on the tolerance of patients during routine flexible bronchoscopy. However, VR hypnosis may be beneficial in patients with higher anxiety score before bronchoscopy, a hypothesis that needs to be confirmed by further studies with a larger number of subjects.

Effect of a music intervention on anxiety in adult critically ill patients: a multicenter randomized clinical trial

BackgroundPrevious studies show positive effect of music on reducing anxiety, pain, and medication requirement. Anxiety has become a more pertinent issue in the intensive care unit (ICU) since wakefulness is preferred according to recent guidelines. Nevertheless, evidence on the effect of music in ICU patients is scarce. Therefore, we studied the effect of music intervention on anxiety in ICU patients.MethodsA multicenter randomized clinical trial was conducted between August 2020 and December 2021 in ICU’s at an academic medical centre and two regional hospitals. Adult critically ill patients were eligible when hemodynamically stable and able to communicate (Richmond agitation-sedation scale (RASS) of at least − 2). Patients in the intervention arm were offered music twice daily during three days for at least 30 min per session. Patients in the control group received standard care. The primary outcome was anxiety level assessed with the visual analogue scale for anxiety [VAS-A; range 0–10] twice daily (morning and evening). Secondary outcomes included; 6-item state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI-6), sleep quality, delirium, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pain, RASS, medication, ICU length of stay, patients’ memory and experience of ICU stay.Results94 patients were included in the primary analysis. Music did not significantly reduce anxiety (VAS-A in the intervention group; 2.5 (IQR 1.0–4.5), 1.8 (0.0–3.6), and 2.5 (0.0–3.6) on day 1, 2, and 3 vs. 3.0 (0.6–4.0), 1.5 (0.0–4.0), and 2.0 (0.0–4.0) in the control group; p > 0.92). Overall median daily VAS-A scores ranged from 1.5 to 3.0. Fewer patients required opioids (21 vs. 29, p = 0.03) and sleep quality was lower in the music group on study day one [5.0 (4.0–6.0) vs. 4.5 (3.0–5.0), p = 0.03]. Other outcomes were similar between groups.ConclusionsAnxiety levels in this ICU population were low, and music during 3 days did not decrease anxiety. This study indicates that efficacy of music is context and intervention-dependent, given previous evidence showing decreased anxiety.Trial registration Netherlands Trial Register: NL8595, Registered, 1 April 2020. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04796389, Registered retrospectively, 12 March 2021